A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties based on Faraday’s Law of Induction. Simon Foner at MIT Lincoln Laboratory invented VSM in 1955 and reported it in 1959. Also it was mentioned by G.W. Van Oosterhout and by P.J Flanders in 1956. A sample is first placed in a constant magnetic field and if the sample is magnetic it will align its magnetization with the external field. The magnetic dipole moment of the sample creates a magnetic field that changes as a function of time as the sample is moved up and down. This is typically done through the use of a piezoelectric material. The alternating magnetic field induces an electric field in the pickup coils of the VSM. The current is proportional to the magnetization of the sample - the greater the induced current, the greater the magnetization. As a result, typically a hysteresis curve will be recorded and from there the magnetic properties of the sample can be deduced.
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{"type":"standard","title":"Steimel","displaytitle":"Steimel","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q648820","titles":{"canonical":"Steimel","normalized":"Steimel","display":"Steimel"},"pageid":11819675,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Steimel_in_NR.svg/320px-Steimel_in_NR.svg.png","width":320,"height":316},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Steimel_in_NR.svg/249px-Steimel_in_NR.svg.png","width":249,"height":246},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1229322406","tid":"2c02901e-2b9d-11ef-80ad-173dc286cdcb","timestamp":"2024-06-16T04:59:12Z","description":"Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany","description_source":"local","coordinates":{"lat":50.61777778,"lon":7.62777778},"content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steimel","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steimel?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steimel?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Steimel"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steimel","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Steimel","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steimel?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Steimel"}},"extract":"Steimel is a small town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.","extract_html":"
Steimel is a small town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
"}{"type":"standard","title":"Wojciech Bogusławski","displaytitle":"Wojciech Bogusławski","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q290902","titles":{"canonical":"Wojciech_Bogusławski","normalized":"Wojciech Bogusławski","display":"Wojciech Bogusławski"},"pageid":2839253,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Reichan_Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski.jpg/330px-Reichan_Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski.jpg","width":320,"height":402},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Reichan_Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski.jpg","width":795,"height":998},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1286788918","tid":"8e8c95cc-1f10-11f0-9182-eae1f66f766e","timestamp":"2025-04-22T00:27:22Z","description":"Polish actor, theater director and playwright","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski"}},"extract":"Wojciech Romuald Bogusławski was a Polish actor, theater director and playwright of the Polish Enlightenment. He was the director of